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|common_name = Mali |image_flag = Flag of Mali.svg |image_coat = Seal of Mali.svg |symbol_type = Coat of arms |image_map = Location Mali AU Africa.svg |map_caption = |image_map2 = Mali - Location Map (2013) - MLI - UNOCHA.svg |national_motto = |national_anthem = 〔(Presidency of Mali: Symboles de la République, L'Hymne National du Mali ). Koulouba.pr.ml. Retrieved 4 May 2012.〕 |official_languages = French |languages_type = Vernacular languages |languages = Bambara |demonym = Malian |ethnic_groups = |capital = Bamako |latd=12 |latm=39 |latNS=N |longd=8 |longm=0 |longEW=W |largest_city = Bamako |government_type = Unitary semi-presidential republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta |leader_title2 = Prime Minister |leader_name2 = Modibo Keita |legislature = National Assembly |area_rank = 24th |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_km2 = 1,240,192 |area_sq_mi = 478,839 |percent_water = 1.6 |population_estimate = |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = |population_census = 14,517,176〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mali preliminary 2009 census )〕 |population_census_rank = 67th |population_census_year = April 2009 |population_density_km2 = 11.7 |population_density_sq_mi = 30.3 |population_density_rank = 215th |GDP_PPP = $17.983 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mali )〕 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,100〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $10.319 billion〔 |GDP_nominal_year = 2012 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $631〔 |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = from Francea |established_date1 = 20 June 1960 |established_event2 = as Mali |established_date2 = 22 September 1960 |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_change = |Gini = 33.0 |Gini_ref =〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gini Index )〕 |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = steady |HDI = 0.407 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 176th |currency = West African CFA franc |currency_code = XOF |country_code = MLI |time_zone = GMT |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +0 |drives_on = right〔(Which side of the road do they drive on? ) Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.〕 |calling_code = +223 |cctld = .ml |footnote_a = As the Sudanese Republic, with Senegal as the Mali Federation. }} Mali (; ), officially the Republic of Mali (), is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over . The population of Mali is 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako. Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Senegal rivers. The country's economy centers on agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's prominent natural resources include gold, being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent,〔(''Mali gold reserves rise in 2011 alongside price'' ). Retrieved 17 January 2013〕 and salt. About half the population lives below the international poverty line of $1.25 (U.S.) a day.〔(''Human Development Indices'' ), Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 35. Retrieved 1 June 2009〕 A majority of the population (55%) are non-denominational Muslims.〔"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013.〕 Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. During its golden age, there was a flourishing of mathematics, astronomy, literature, and art.〔(Topics ). MuslimHeritage.com (5 June 2003). Retrieved 8 October 2012.〕〔(Sankore University ). Muslimmuseum.org. Retrieved 8 October 2012.〕 At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire covered an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of Africa.〔(Mali Empire (ca. 1200- ) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed ). The Black Past. Retrieved 8 October 2012.〕 In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, which Tuareg rebels took control of by April and declared the secession of a new state, Azawad.〔Lydia Polgreen and Alan Cowell, ("Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North" ), ''The New York Times'' (6 April 2012)〕 The conflict was complicated by a military coup that took place in March〔(UN Security council condemns Mali coup ). Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013.〕 and later fighting between Tuareg and Islamist rebels. In response to Islamist territorial gains, the French military launched Opération Serval in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013. ==History== (詳細はtrans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, slaves, and other precious commodities.〔Mali country profile, p. 1.〕 These Sahelian kingdoms had neither rigid geopolitical boundaries nor rigid ethnic identities.〔 The earliest of these empires was the Ghana Empire, which was dominated by the Soninke, a Mande-speaking people.〔 The empire expanded throughout West Africa from the 8th century until 1078, when it was conquered by the Almoravids.〔Mali country profile. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). . p. 2.〕 The Mali Empire later formed on the upper Niger River, and reached the height of power in the 14th century.〔 Under the Mali Empire, the ancient cities of Djenné and Timbuktu were centers of both trade and Islamic learning.〔 The empire later declined as a result of internal intrigue, ultimately being supplanted by the Songhai Empire.〔 The Songhai people originated in current northwestern Nigeria. The Songhai had long been a major power in West Africa subject to the Mali Empire's rule.〔 In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire.〔 The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of a Moroccan invasion in 1591, under the command of Judar Pasha.〔 The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads.〔 Following the establishment of sea routes by the European powers, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.〔 One of the worst famines in the region's recorded history occurred in the 18th century. According to John Iliffe, "The worst crises were in the 1680s, when famine extended from the Senegambian coast to the Upper Nile and 'many sold themselves for slaves, only to get a sustenance', and especially in 1738–56, when West Africa's greatest recorded subsistence crisis, due to drought and locusts, reportedly killed half the population of Timbuktu."〔John Iliffe (2007) (''Africans: the history of a continent'' ). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-521-68297-5〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mali」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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